HOMETOWN
In the forest region the Gzhat River flowed on deserted swampy banks. In ancient times, river beds were the main roads along which people moved. Sailboats and canoes at oars, loaded with grain and hemp, furs and honey, skillfully moved from one channel to another, leaving the wilderness of the forest, until they emerged into the vastness of the great rivers of the Volga or Dnieper.
The Gzhatsk pier grew over the years, was developed, and received the title of a city with its own coat of arms. Nowadays, ancient Gzhatsk is named after Gagarin in honor of the first cosmonaut of the Earth, who was born here.
Cities, like people, change their appearance. Before our eyes, a quiet town from a wooden, one-story town, with vacant lots and vegetable gardens, becomes elegant and modern.
Everyone cherishes this modest corner of the Russian land, where water lilies sway on the calm waters of the shallowed Gzhati, and swifts fly in the evening air. It seems that swifts really cut the sky with their wings, like scissors. You expect that blue and pink rags of the sunset sky are about to fall on new tall buildings, on young gardens, on a spacious square with a monument to the discoverer of space.
This is Gzhatsk - a living monument to Yuri Gagarin!
FIRST SPRING
Yuri was born in Gzhatsk, but his family was not urban, but rural. The same as thousands of others in Russia.
The father, Alexey Ivanovich, came for his wife and newborn son on a collective farm horse harnessed to a sleigh. We left early in the morning. Here we glimpsed the last house on the outskirts of Gzhatsk, the last city front garden. All around lay a quiet snowy plain.
Snowflakes were still floating in the air, but the river, invisibly, centimeter by centimeter, was already washing away the coastal grainy snow. Along the well-worn track the sleigh turned into the village of Klushino.
Spring is a special time in Gagarin’s short life. He was born on March 9, 1934, and at twenty-seven years old on April 12, 1961, he became the first person to fly into space.
GAGARIN genus
Grandfather Ivan Gagara, so called for brevity (little Yura did not find him alive), was a newcomer to Klushino. A traveling carpenter, he moved to the Smolensk region from the banks of the Volga. Six sons were born to him in Klushino. The youngest of them, Alexey, later became the father of the First Cosmonaut.
The peasant family of the mother, Anna Timofeevna Matveeva, was a native Gzhatian. Grandfather Timofey, while still a teenager, went to work in St. Petersburg, the then capital of Russia. He became a metalworker at the Putilov plant. The Matveev family returned to their homeland, Gzhatsk, only before the October Revolution. In addition to Anna, whose family name was Nyura, there were also daughters - the eldest Maria and the youngest Olga and two sons.
SISTER ZOYA
Returning with newborn Yuri to Klushino, Anna Timofeevna turned her son around, put him in a creaky cradle, which had been brought from the attic a few days before, and called her daughter.
- Do you like your new brother? Seven-year-old Zoya looked seriously at the baby.
- Really like. He has fingers like peas. Ma-a-lazy...
Yura's first night under his parents' roof in a hotly heated hut was spent listening to the singing of a cricket.
As soon as the morning light broke through the icy window like pink snakes, Zoya quickly jumped out of bed and, barely reaching the cradle, brushed a dark strand of hair from her brother’s forehead...
The cackling of a goose, the mooing of a hungry cow, the passionate crow of a rooster - all the discordant village music was already bursting from the farmstead into the hut. A new day was beginning, and it was time for the mother to get back to her usual work.
At first, Yura was nursed by her grandmother. But when she almost let the three-month-old baby fall from her lap, Zoya said decisively:
“I’ll look after Yurushka myself.” Baba Tanya is old, she will break it.
Yuri Gagarin's beloved sister earned his gratitude: he grew up in her arms. Just like the youngest in the family, Boriska.
The Gagarins had four children: Valentin, Zoya, Yuri and Boris.
COUNTRY SUMMER
The Gagarins' hut stood next to last on the outskirts of the village, not far from the windmill. The region here is flat. Like an apple on a plate, the gaze rolls across the meadows and fields, lingering only on stacks of rye straw and broom bushes.
Groves, hills, a long country road - this is the land on which fortresses were once built and battles raged. It is not for nothing that earthen embankments are still called “dwellings of Russian heroes.” And yet, of all the traces of history on the Klushino land, the most significant will probably remain the trace of the little boy who learned to walk here. After all, he was destined to be the first to see our Earth not as a flat plane, but as a blue ball! But this is still a long way off.
The soul of the Gagarin family was the mother. It was she who brought patience and hard work into the house - something that later distinguished all her children.
When the mother was not at home, the father alone managed the children and the household. He kneaded and baked the bread himself. His hands were carpenter's, accustomed to an ax, and not to small household work, so he cut himself a special spatula, which he used to knead the dough. Any work was not a burden to him.
As soon as the children began to babble, move around the hut, holding their hands on the wooden sofa, carefully planed and knocked together by Alexei Ivanovich, the father would talk to them, teach them something. In the evenings, the elders - Valentin and Zoya - asked to tell a fairy tale, and the father colored with his own imagination a simple story about a bear - a linden leg...
Harmony and peace reigned under Gagarin's roof. Yura fell asleep happy.
WINTER JOYS
At three years old, Yura could clearly pronounce all the letters, even the letter “r”, which is difficult for children. He didn’t lisp, didn’t lisp. And apparently he began to memorize letters very early, so by the age of five he could already understand them well.
His mother liked that he quickly memorized poems and was not shy about reciting them in front of strangers.
“Oh, dear,” she said, “how smart you are, what a fine fellow.” And your shirt is blue, and your buttons are white... Did your dad buy it for the holiday? Our dad is kind, good...
In this blue shirt, Yura first went with his elders to a school matinee. Long before dawn, when the sleepy December morning had not yet had time to open his eyelashes and blink away the fluffy frost from them, he had already jumped off the stove, woke up Valentin and Zoya: “Don’t be late!”
The Christmas tree was new to him. Wearing hemmed felt boots, he climbed onto a chair and read poetry. They clapped for him.
Winters in Klushino lasted long, with snowstorms blowing for days. The house creaked. It seemed that a little more - and the attic would be washed away by a stream of snow. The birch tree outside the window jingled in the wind with ice-cold earrings.
- Well, it’s gone! - said the mother, shaking off and sweeping her felt boots with a broom. — I barely found the well.
But as soon as the blizzard subsided and the plump snowdrifts glistened in the sun again, Yura got up on homemade skis and rushed into the nearest forest. How quiet it was there! But, wagging his fiery red tail, a fox ran across the path. What a joy!
My favorite pastime was jumping on skis from the edge of an icy ravine, like from a small springboard. Yura Gagarin lifted himself off the ground for a short moment and seemed to be hanging in the air... It was happiness!
MEETING WITH THE PILOTS
The hot summer of 1941 was ending.
The rowan trees were red as blood. Blood was already flowing nearby: fascist troops crossed our border, and a wave of refugees was rolling along the Smolensk road. Sometimes, several families at once, they spent the night with the Gagarins.
Yura was still small. The word “war,” which alarmed the adults, seemed incomprehensible to him. His worries revolved around school. He often took out and examined the slanted notebook and non-pouring inkwell he had stored, with which he was going to go to first grade.
But the elders have no time for learning. At night, Klushino was awakened by the roar of engines and distant flashes: German bombers were flying towards Moscow.
One afternoon, two Soviet planes passed right over the roofs of Klushino. One of them was hit. The pilot barely had time to land the car on a swampy meadow when it broke in two.
The boys found themselves in the meadow in a matter of minutes. They eagerly inhaled the unfamiliar smell of gasoline and closely watched the pilot’s every move. Limping, the pilot walked around the wreckage of the plane. No, nothing can be fixed!
Suddenly the sky was filled with a roar: the second plane was returning to the rescue of a comrade. The pilot joyfully tore off his helmet from his head and waved it.
The boys heard the pilots say among themselves that this damaged plane had cost the Nazis dearly! Both were businesslike and collected. Yuri felt a special skill in them. They were unlike anyone he had seen before.
The Klushino guys brought empty buckets and helped pour gasoline from the damaged car. The pilots took off safely. The shadow of their plane quickly ran across the meadow.
Yura stood for a long time with his head raised. Oh, if only I could fly up with them! Rise high, high...
WAR YEARS
The Nazis burst into Klushino early in the morning on rattling motorcycles.
The Nazis immediately occupied the last Gagarin hut. The owners found themselves under the cold rain, which sowed and sowed with a kind of hopeless despondency. We spent the night in the garden. They spread straw and wrapped the children in sackcloth bags.
“We’ll have to dig a dugout,” the father said, coughing with a cold. “Otherwise we’ll be lost: winter is coming.”
The dugout became a shelter for a long time.
Teacher Ksenia Gerasimovna tried to continue classes. Yura Gagarin, together with other guys, picked up German paper bags in empty dugouts. They were cut into pieces, stacked and stitched into notebooks. The guys wanted to study in spite of the war.
Two winters “under the Germans” fell heavily on the Gagarin family. Father and mother endured misfortune steadfastly: they did not pander to the enemy, did not ingratiate themselves to him. Children were still taught to distinguish evil from good and follow only good! There was one good thing during the war years: loyalty to the Motherland.
OUR CAME
Klushino was a front line for a long time. The last days the battle took place only eight kilometers away. The nearby cannonade rumbled day and night, the sky turned red from the fires.
In 1943, on March 9, the very day when Yura Gagarin turned nine years old, Soviet troops liberated the village of Klushino.
The Nazis left the day before, on a frosty night. In the light of the moon, Yuri’s father noticed how miners in white camouflage coats were sneaking between the snowdrifts, laying mines. The snowy road became deadly for the advancing Soviet army.
Alexey Ivanovich went out to meet our scouts before dawn and showed where the road was mined.
The burning huts were still smoking, but young and old rushed to meet their own. Our soldiers rode into Klushino on sleighs through the deep March snow. Tanks followed. Among the boys, half-barefoot, in shabby clothes, was Yura Gagarin. He ran around the tanks with delight. And the women cried and hugged the soldiers...
The Gagarins moved back to the hut. It was empty. I had to start living again.
Teacher Ksenia Gerasimovna gathered four classes in two cramped rooms.
After lessons, the children helped their mothers. Yura was herding calves.
There were almost no horses left in the village: women pulled plows on themselves and taught skinny cows to ride in teams.
The youngsters collected early sorrel and sucked the roots. And everywhere they came across deadly traces of war: in the copses and sticky meadows the boys discovered shells and cartridges.
Anna Timofeevna lived in constant worry for her youngest. And indeed: they hit the green cartridge with a stone, and it puffed at Yura and Boriska. Frightened, they ran home and silently climbed onto the stove. Yura bravely endured the pain, Boriska whimpered quietly.
The mother stood up, looked, straining her eyes, into the darkness of the couch and recoiled in horror. Both of her sons turned black from gunpowder. She was scared: were her eyes intact? Have they disfigured themselves for life? But the powder soot was washed off. The faces were still sore from small scratches for a long time.
Soon the Gagarin family moved to the city.
WOODEN AIRPLANE
On the street of Gzhatsk, Gagarin’s mother ran into a teacher: they were from the same village and had known each other for a long time.
- Is that you, Nyura?
- I, Elena Fedorovna. I want to bring my two youngest to you. Accept them into school, but keep them strict so that they don’t get spoiled.
“Bring me,” the teacher said friendly. This is how Yuri’s school years began.
One day Elena Fedorovna came into the Gagarins’ yard. Their house had not yet been completed. Father banged on the rafters with an ax. Yura was also making something.
- What are you doing? - asked the teacher.
“It will be a plane,” Yura responded animatedly. - Big and fast. I'll bring it to school tomorrow.
This is what happened with this toy airplane.
During recess, a homemade product fell from a window on the third floor and hit the father of one of the students in the head. He was just passing through the school yard.
Elena Feodorovna went up to the classroom. She already guessed whose plane it was, but she started from afar.
“They hurt a man,” she said sternly. “They could have seriously injured him.” Why such mischief? Airplanes should not be thrown out of windows, but tested in a field, out of the blue. I just can’t imagine who did this?
Everyone looked straight at her. Only one pair of eyes stubbornly looked to the side. Finally, Yura gathered his courage.
“This is my plane,” he whispered. - Sorry. After class he asked the teacher:
-Will you give it to me? Elena Feodorovna said:
- You know, Yura, it’s better to stay in our teachers’ room. A good model, it should be taken care of.
Yura sighed. He felt sorry for his airplane! He still could not know then how many planes he would have in his life.
SEPARATION FROM HOME
The Gagarins lived meagerly in devastated Gzhatsk. My father was often ill and could not work. There was no subsidiary farm, which helped out in the village. Father saw only one way out: to quickly give the growing Yuri some kind of profession, craft.
With the last money they bought Yura a jacket. The mother, shedding tears, ironed the shirt. The son was leaving for Moscow on the morning train. Enroll in a vocational school.
A completely different life began. Yuri was enrolled in a group of foundry workers. Craftsmen sat at their desks during the day and worked in the factory during the day. Yuri did not complain about anything in his letters home. Anna Timofeevna didn’t really believe him, but she was glad that her son was not growing up as a slob, that he had a hardy, Gagarin-like character.
The craftsman is not yet a worker, but he is no longer a student. In the early twilight of winter days, the glow of the orange flame of the foundry furnace flashed cheerfully on Yuri’s work overalls...
After some time, Anna Timofeevna came to visit her son. The school praised Yura's abilities and diligence.
“When he finishes seventh grade at evening school, we will send him to study further, to a technical school.” After all, he is one of our best students!
After graduating from college, Yuri left for Saratov.
FIRST FLIGHT
Saratov is located on the banks of the Volga. Together with his comrades, Yuri often crossed the river by boat. A tight wave was moving towards the boat.
It was in Saratov that Gagarin took his first step towards space: he was enrolled as a cadet in the flying club.
He continued to study at the technical school.
He studied well - because he did everything well, but he had already chosen a different path.
After a busy day of study, having slept for only about two hours, he had been watching the bus on an empty street since midnight in order to get to the training airfield on time. Flights began at dawn.
Taking off from the ground for the first time, Gagarin felt delight. Oh, these first hundreds of meters of flight, almost as amazing as his subsequent leap into space!
Everything paid off in spades: long winter evenings at the flying club, when he repeated to himself the rules of driving an airplane, drew a diagram of the wing, and learned by heart the structure of the engine.
Dozens of times in his dreams he experienced the moment of takeoff: pulling the handle towards himself, and the nose of the plane rises, lifting off the runway...
The instructor watched closely from the ground. There is one more pilot!
TO THE SUN
People have always been attracted by the unknown.
Primitive hunters bravely delved into dense forests, where death from wild animals could await them at every step.
The first sailors set off across the stormy ocean to unknown continents on fragile rafts knitted from reeds.
In Ancient Greece, there was a legend about the brave young man Icarus, who rose into the sky on homemade artificial wings to find out: how far is it from the Sun? The warmth of the sun's rays melted the wax that glued his wings together, and he died.
But the dream of rising to the Sun did not die.
In 1957, on October 4, a space rocket, overcoming gravity, launched the first artificial Earth satellite into orbit. A team of Soviet scientists and engineers, led by the chief designer of rockets and spacecraft, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, will then send other artificial satellites, manned spacecraft, and interplanetary automatic stations into flight. But that will come later. In the meantime, for the first time in the world, its artificial satellite rose above the Earth. Human exploration of outer space has begun...
Since then, Yuri's dreams have taken a completely different direction. The Russian Icarus was ready for a feat.
IN THE COSMONAUT SQUAD
Gagarin was already a military pilot, a lieutenant, and served for two years in the North, beyond the Arctic Circle, when he, along with other pilots, was selected for special work. They didn’t say which one exactly.
With some sadness he left this amazing land where it is night for six months. It’s dark all around, as if you’re looking into smoked glass. Only the snow flashes in the light of the spotlights. But in the summer, the never-setting sun wanders across the horizon, and the tundra blooms...
A person sometimes approaches the main event of his life so inconspicuously that no one around him - and often even he himself - is aware of it.
In Moscow, Gagarin was first placed in a military hospital. A long and meticulous health check began.
Cousins Nadya and Lida, visiting him, asked: “Why all this?”
Yuri answered evasively that they were being prepared to test new technology.
Lida, a great mocker, said:
— Dogs have already flown into space. Now maybe they'll let you in?
The assumption was so incredible that the sisters laughed together.
Meanwhile, Yuri successfully passed all the doctors, and new tests began for him. He spun around on a special chair, naked to the waist, entangled in wires with rubber suction cups - this was how his sense of balance was tested. Then Gagarin was placed in a pressure chamber - a cramped cabin, similar to an elevator with a round window made of thick glass, into which the doctor’s face looked in every now and then. The air in the cabin is as thin as on the highest mountain peak where climbers climb wearing oxygen masks. There were no masks required in the pressure chamber. It’s becoming more and more difficult to breathe, your ears are blocked... You can, of course, press the red button - the test will stop. But then we must say goodbye to the dream of space!
The selection was strict: candidates for cosmonaut “dropped out” one after another. Gagarin held firm. It was spun in a centrifuge and shaken on a vibration stand. From forty-degree frost to sixty-degree heat. They tested endurance and composure in the long solitude of the isolation chamber. In short, they tested their ability to work in any conditions.
Finally he was enrolled in the cosmonaut corps.
Young lieutenants in leather jackets got off the plane on a fresh grassy field near Saratov. Places familiar to Gagarin!
Parachute practice began.
Heights are always exciting. Future cosmonauts, although they were pilots, also experienced “pre-launch fever.” But as soon as the parachute opened and began to swing smoothly above the ground, everyone’s mood changed dramatically. The paratroopers cheerfully called out to each other in the air and even started singing.
But it was still not close to the launch at the cosmodrome, although chief designer Korolev had already shown them the finished rocket.
In the middle of the hangar, on giant supports - slipways - it looked intimidatingly huge. At the cosmodrome it will be filled with fuel, and the rocket will rush into outer space - now with a person on board!
WHO WILL FLY FIRST?
In a small group of cosmonauts, everyone underwent the same training. It was still unknown who would fly first, but deep down everyone hoped that it would be him.
Once Korolev said:
“I think it will be scary to fly first.” We are not completely sure that everything will go well. This is a voluntary matter, it’s not too late to refuse.
The astronauts looked at each other and confirmed that they were ready to fly.
“Well,” Korolev said with relief, “then, starting tomorrow, you will undergo additional medical examinations.”
And indeed, for some time they meekly swallowed the pills, put their hand under the syringe, inhaled and exhaled on command - in general, they behaved patiently and obediently.
On one of these days, which was absolutely no different from the previous ones, they were again called to Korolev.
The astronauts stood in a row. The chief designer was concerned.
- How are you feeling? - he asked the first one. — Are you ready to fly?
He replied:
- I feel great. Ready to fly.
A light cloud passed over Korolev’s face. The eyebrows knitted together slightly.
-Are you sure you are completely healthy? - he asked the second one abruptly.
- Yes sir. I feel good. Ready to complete any task.
Korolev did not like the answer even more. The astronauts were completely bewildered. What is he unhappy about?
When it was Gagarin’s turn, the chief designer no longer hid his grin.
- Of course, everything is all right with you too? - he asked. - And are you ready to fly too?
Gagarin hesitated. A short internal struggle took place within him. He looked straight into the eyes of the Queen.
“Unfortunately,” he said with effort, “I have a really bad headache right now.” But I am ready to complete any task,” he hastily added.
Korolev laughed with relief.
- You all have headaches! - he exclaimed. - They just split into pieces! You were given such powders. I know that you are all heroes, but it is not your heroism that I need now. I want to know who I can get the most accurate information from.
They learned much later that Gagarin would fly first. General Kamanin announced this at the Baikonur Cosmodrome.
“At the end of the day, I decided not to torment the cosmonauts and announce to them the decision of the commission,” Kamanin wrote in his diary on April 9, 1961. “I invited Yuri Gagarin and German Titov to my place and said in as even a voice as possible: “The commission decided: Gagarin is flying. Prepare Titov as a substitute.” I won’t lie, Gagarin immediately blossomed with his smile. A shadow of annoyance ran across Titov’s face, but this was only for a short moment. German firmly shook Yuri’s hand, and he did not fail to encourage his comrade: “Soon, German, your start!”
START
The Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in a bare, deserted steppe. But he himself is full of life.
Long before the first cosmonauts arrived here, workers and engineers had already built a launch pad, assembled and prepared the launch vehicle for flight, and built a command post from where flight managers would monitor every second of the flight with instruments - from the moment of launch to landing - of the spacecraft .
On the eve of the flight, Gagarin unexpectedly said to Kamanin:
- You know, Nikolai Petrovich, I’m probably not a serious person.
- Why? - Kamanin was surprised.
All these days he carefully watched Yuri. “Calmness, confidence and knowledge,” that’s what he wrote about Gagarin in his diary.
- Why not serious? - he asked now.
Gagarin smiled. He had such a sweet, sly expression on his face that immediately endeared him to people.
- Tomorrow flight. Such a flight! And I'm not worried at all. Well, just not a bit. Is this possible?
Before the start, Yuri Gagarin and his backup German Titov were fast asleep. And the chief designer spent a sleepless night and in the morning looked exhausted and pale.
“Sergei Pavlovich,” Gagarin quietly told him, dressed in a bulky cosmonaut suit, “Don’t worry, everything will be fine...”
Already standing at the foot of the rocket, Gagarin raised both hands: See you soon!
Preparations for the launch began, and Gagarin’s voice was heard only on the radio.
And when the last command “Start!” was heard. and the rocket went up, Gagarin famously said his famous “Let's go!”, encouraging not so much himself as those who remain on Earth. “It will be more difficult for them,” thought Yuri.
The rocket rose up on its fiery “tail” - this moment seemed painfully long to everyone! - and then smoothly went up. Then she began to look like a black-flame circle that melted before our eyes...
I SEE THE EARTH!
Gagarin felt the shuddering of the ship’s hull with his whole body, heard an increasing roar and whistle. Then he was crushed by a huge weight. It seemed that this was going on for a very long time, but Korolev’s voice from Earth announced that a little more than one minute had passed.
One by one, the rocket stages began to separate. Their fuel burned out, they did their job: they carried the ship into orbit.
But then the heaviness subsided. At that same second, Gagarin seemed to be lifted from his chair: if not for the belts, he would have taken off. So that's what it is - weightlessness.
He looked out the porthole. How everything has changed! The sky is gone. The black darkness of space stretched all around. Only the convex side of the Earth was surrounded by a thin rim of the atmosphere, the oceans glittered with dark metal, and the earth’s continents were clearly visible. No one had ever seen such an Earth before Gagarin.
- What a beauty! - Yuri exclaimed. He was heard at the cosmodrome. — I’m watching the star through the right window. The star is gone...
The world has expanded enormously. Gagarin felt like its discoverer. All humanity looked at the Universe through his eyes.
How beautiful you are, star road!
Gagarin is flying. He was a little tired.
And before him solemnly and strictly
The flinty Lermontov path shines.
This is what the poet Mikhail Svetlov would later write.
...The rocket skirted the pale blue globe of the Earth. No matter how difficult it was to take his eyes off the window, Yuri opened the logbook and began writing.
He was traveling at a speed close to twenty-eight thousand kilometers per hour, eight times faster than a bullet flies. The minutes passed one after another. The flight was nearing its end. And then Yuri’s tension and efficiency left him. For a minute he became what he should have been now - the happiest man in the world! He sang loudly...
The ship left orbit, and the dense layers of the atmosphere greeted it elastically, like sea waves. A wall of fire raged around Gagarin: the hull and special thermal protection of the ship were burning. He involuntarily glanced at the thermometer: no, it was still twenty degrees Celsius in the cabin. So far, so good.
The body regained its heaviness. “I wonder,” Gagarin thought fleetingly, “will the overloads be greater than during takeoff?”
He already saw in front of him the blue flood of the Volga, the spring hills near Saratov...
A burnt balloon landed on a parachute in the middle of a plowed field.
Yuri Gagarin was back on Earth.
Several months passed after the flight, all the countries of the world were waiting for the cosmonaut to visit, and Gagarin was sitting in one of the classes of the Air Force Engineering Academy. His entire post-flight life was connected with his studies.
And although he often took breaks, sometimes for entire months, while traveling to distant and near countries, when he returned, he was in a hurry to continue his studies. Gagarin without in-depth work on the drawings, Gagarin without bending over a book, is simply not Gagarin!
...The years passed. The wheel of space exploration rolled on. Gagarin did not participate in this: he died young during a plane crash during a training flight.
Other brave people, representatives of different countries and peoples, settle in orbital stations, reach the Moon, and cherish dreams of exploring the planets of the solar system.
But the Earth will never forget Yuri Gagarin. No matter how many new feats are accomplished, he will forever remain a hero. The favorite of his age. The first cosmonaut.
The Moon is the Earth's satellite
The moon revolves around the Earth and cannot fly away anywhere, because the Earth attracts it. And she is always turned to us with the same side. The moon is much smaller than our planet, it is like an apple next to a watermelon or like an average dog next to a person. And the distance from the Earth to the Moon is thirty times the size of the Earth itself. If we could go to our companion by car, the journey would take six months.
The Moon itself cannot shine; it is cold and covered with a thick layer of cosmic dust. But it reflects the light of the Sun - that’s why we see it glowing in the sky. If you take a ball and call it the Moon, then take a flashlight and name it the Sun, then you can figure it out. When we shine a flashlight on the ball, on one side it appears round and bright, like the Moon on a full moon. But on the other hand, it is dark and unlit, like the Moon on moonless nights. And if we look at the ball from the side, we will see the illuminated part of the surface - like the “month” of the Moon in its growing or aging phase.
What to watch and read: films “In the Shadow of the Moon”, “Why do we need the Moon?” Book by E. Kachur “Fascinating astronomy. Children's encyclopedias with Chevostik."
| What to give to a space loverWe will tell you in more detail and with pictures what cosmic things you can buy for your child in children’s stores today. |
How to become an astronaut
Star City is located in the Moscow region, where there is a special Cosmonaut Training Center. If you have excellent health, high academic performance and education in the required fields, you can apply here while still studying at the university.
The first stage of selection is based on the submitted questionnaires, from which 350 people are selected. They take tests in subjects such as physics, mathematics and Russian. Then they are awaited by a strict medical commission. After this stage, the number of candidates is reduced to 50. The most recent selection takes place at the Cosmonaut Training Center, where they check whether the person can withstand various difficult tests.
For example, a candidate for astronaut can be locked in a completely closed space, where there is complete silence, and there is not a single person except himself. The period of such imprisonment is 5 days, during which the subject is carefully observed, noting the slightest changes in his behavior. After such difficult tests, only eight lucky people remain, who are enrolled in the corps of future cosmonauts. However, this does not mean that a flight into space will take place soon. Usually they prepare for such an event for 5-10 years, during which they constantly learn to pass a variety of tests.
During takeoff, the crew of the spacecraft experiences severe overloads, and in space itself is in a state of weightlessness. In order to be prepared for all these tests, future astronauts study for so many years before making their first flight. Their classes take place in special classrooms and gyms. They jump with a parachute, spend a lot of time flying and learn to endure any heat and cold, to be adapted to conditions of overload and weightlessness. Therefore, those who decide to choose this heroic profession for themselves need to be prepared to overcome many obstacles and work hard.
Profession astronaut. Description for children
An astronaut is a person who must solve many problems on board a spacecraft. His responsibilities include managing on-board systems as well as scientific research equipment. In addition, he must be able to read the readings of all instruments on board and control the operating mode of all equipment and the ship’s engine.
The profession of “cosmonaut” also implies a lot. The description for children must include all the requirements for a future pilot. The main thing among them is to be able to make decisions in unexpected situations. When a ship is sailing in space, anything is possible.
For example, equipment may fail and begin to provide incorrect information. The problem that has arisen cannot always be solved with the help of the Earth. An astronaut must be able to remain calm in any situation and quickly make decisions to eliminate any problem that arises. That is why alarmists have no place on a spaceship.
Being an astronaut is every child's dream
It is difficult to find an adult who did not dream of going to space as a child. Years have passed, but even now every modern child at least once in his life thinks about becoming an astronaut. Very often you can find school essays on the topic “My future profession is astronaut.” In them, children describe their dreams after school. However, despite such popularity among the younger generation, this profession remains one of the rarest in the world due to the highest requirements for each candidate. That is why, if you decide to choose this specialty, you should start getting acquainted with the profession of an astronaut in order to find out what it includes. You also need to know what requirements are imposed on a future space pilot, because you need to start working on yourself already at school.
What are the requirements for a future cosmonaut?
If you decide that after school you will become an astronaut, you need to know that this profession has the highest requirements. That is why it is the rarest in the world.
So, if the astronaut profession is your firm choice, you must first of all carefully monitor your physical condition. Good, almost perfect health is the main requirement for a future candidate. You should not have any chronic diseases or bad habits. In addition, you must have perfect vision. An astronaut’s health must also be excellent because you won’t find a hospital in space. That is why future pilots must master the basics of medical care in various situations.
In addition to physical health, high demands are placed on mental health. The future astronaut must be able to keep a cool head and not give in to panic in any situation. In addition, he should not be subject to various depressions and attacks of melancholy. After all, not everyone can stay so far from home for an indefinite period of time.
In addition to ideal physical and mental health, the other main requirement for a future astronaut is fluency in English. It is the language used to communicate on the International Space Station, which was created through the efforts of many countries. Astronauts from different parts of the world are constantly on it, periodically replacing each other.
In addition, you must have a higher education in any technical, medical or military specialty in which you understand best. After all, many scientific experiments must be carried out in space, so singers, artists and representatives of other creative specialties are not needed there.
Why did people come up with constellations?
Since ancient times, people have looked at the sky and seen animals, birds and heroes from their myths and fairy tales. They seemed to be drawn with the help of stars, and such figures in the sky are called constellations. Each constellation had names, for example: Ursa Minor and Ursa Major, Cygnus, Pisces, Canis Minor. And the bright stars also have names: Altair, Vega, Betelgeuse. Stars in the same constellation are not necessarily close to each other, there can be huge distances between them, but from Earth it seems that they are nearby.
Each nation found its own constellation patterns in the sky and named them in its own way. Today we use the names that were invented by the ancient Greeks. People needed constellations not just for beauty - they helped them navigate while traveling, when there was no navigator or compass yet. For example, people knew that the North Star in the tail of Ursa Minor always points north.
What to watch and read: BBC series Stargazing. Book by A. Ganeri “Legends of the Night Sky”
Stunning photographs from the real life of astronauts, a selection of photographs of the Earth from space, spacewalks, experiments, docking of spacecraft - on the Roscosmos website
Pros of the profession
When you make a decision about your future specialty, it is very important to carefully study all its pros and cons. As for the work of an astronaut, of course, it has many advantages:
- you will see what very few people in the world have seen;
- you will take part in scientific experiments and may discover something new that will help the development of all humanity;
- get the opportunity to touch the future;
- you will look like a hero in the eyes of relatives and friends;
- see the stars with your own eyes.
All this is possible only for astronauts; no other profession allows you to see and learn so much. However, we should not forget that for all the romance of this work, it is associated with many dangers and difficulties.
History of the profession
This profession is quite young. Just in the last century, people could not even dream of getting closer to the stars, but today this task is being successfully solved by real professionals.
On April 12, 1961, the first space flight took place with the first cosmonaut on board, Yuri Gagarin. A ship called “Vostok” launched from Baikonur, and it was from that moment that the heroic profession of astronaut, which almost all children dream of, was born. This name is officially assigned to this specialty throughout the world, and only in the United States are representatives of the profession called astronauts.
The first pilots had to solve only one problem - to fly. However, over time, as space systems improved, the profession of astronaut began to imply much more. Requirements are increasing, which means that there are a variety of professionals on board the spacecraft: engineers, researchers, doctors and many other people who are united by a common goal - to explore new spaces of the Universe.
Main specialties of astronauts
Today, as people go further and further in their exploration of the Universe, information about the profession of an astronaut is becoming more and more extensive. It no longer implies only the ability to control a spacecraft. If at the initial stage professional pilots became cosmonauts, then at the present stage this profession includes many other profiles. Currently, there are three main specialties for astronauts.
- A test cosmonaut who is the pilot of a spacecraft. His responsibilities include piloting the spacecraft, taking off and landing. He must also coordinate the operation of each system and any action of the crew. Test cosmonauts, as a rule, are military pilots.
- Cosmonaut-engineer. This is the person who is responsible for the correct operation of the entire technical system of the aircraft, coordinates all preparations before and after the flight, and also takes part in the development and testing of the latest technical systems. Information about the profession of an astronaut will be incomplete without mentioning the engineer, because it is he who is responsible for carrying out any repair work during space travel.
- An astronaut-researcher who must have a medical education. He is responsible for the health of each crew member. In addition, he conducts various experiments and conducts research into the behavior of living organisms in conditions of weightlessness. Long-term space missions are impossible without the participation of researchers.
Thus, this profession involves not only the skills of a pilot. An astronaut must be able to and know a lot. This job description includes many different specialties, each of which performs a critical task in achieving space travel.
