ABC
The first schools in Rus' appeared after Epiphany. The entry in the Tale of Bygone Years says that Prince Vladimir “sent to collect children from the best people and send them to book education.” At the same time, “the mothers of the children wept for them, for they were not yet established in the faith, and wept for them as if they were dead.”
Ivan Fedorov. Image: publiclibrary.ru
"ABC" by Ivan Fedorov. Image: expositions.nlr.ru
"ABC" by Ivan Fedorov. Image: sovershenstvo-mysli.ru
The main children's reading was church books, most of which were handwritten translations from Byzantine. The first Slavic printed “ABC” was created by Ivan Fedorov in 1574 “for the sake of rapid infant learning.” Researcher Ben Hellman in the book “Fairy Tale and Reality. History of Russian Children's Literature" writes that a child had to learn to read in order to study the Holy Scriptures himself. Fedorov's book consisted of three parts: the first - the alphabet, the second - grammar, and the third - reading materials. Self-study texts included prayers and passages from the Bible. “If honey is sweet to the tongue, knowledge and teaching are so useful to a person,” the alphabet indicated.
In the 15th–17th centuries, a textbook was considered the main and only children's book. Books were quite expensive for the average family. A record by Archbishop Athanasius of the purchase of church books has been preserved: the New Testament was purchased for three rubles, “Peace with God” for one ruble and “The Key of Understanding” for four rubles. At that time, you could buy a horse with this money. Therefore, for a long time, books were considered entertainment, on which it was a pity to spend the family budget, and fairy tales and epics were memorized by heart and passed on from mouth to mouth.
Lesson notes for the middle group. History of the book
Summary of educational activities in the middle group “How the book appeared”
Author: Svetlana Aleksandrovna Kolesnikova, teacher. Place of work: MKOU "Berezovskaya Secondary School named after Hero of the Soviet Union G. A. Rubtsov" structural unit kindergarten Purpose: The notes are intended for children of the middle group. Designed to broaden children's horizons about subjects familiar from childhood. Goal: To expand children's knowledge about the book. Objectives: To introduce children to the history of the creation of books and the material from which books were made. To form in children the idea of caring for books.
Progress of the lesson
Educator: Hello guys! How cheerful and joyful you are today. Let's share our joy with the whole world. (Children stand in a circle and hold hands)
All the children gathered in a circle.
You are my friend and I am your friend. Let's hold hands tightly and smile at each other. Well done boys. Today we will have a very interesting lesson. Try to guess what we will talk about. I will tell you a riddle, and you guess it, this will be the topic of our lesson. Glued and stitched, closed without doors. Whoever opens it knows a lot. Children: Book Educator: That's right guys, this is a book. (The teacher's assistant enters and brings in the parcel) Postman: There is a parcel for you, sign for it. Educator: How interesting, who is the package from? (Reads)
It says: “Children in kindergarten.”
So to us, but who is it from? (Reads)
“From the country of CHITLAND from Queen Daisy.”
Let's quickly print it out and find out what's inside. (Prints it out and takes out the letter)
.
“Dear guys, I am Queen Daisy, I invite you to my place. I am sending you a gift, but it is not simple, but with a secret. I need to solve a few of my riddles. If you guess all of them, you will find out what kind of gift this is and where I am inviting you.” Well, guys, let's complete the tasks of Queen Marigold? Children: Yes Educator: Well then the first riddle: There are fields, there are leaves, The land of miracles will show us! It’s not boring with her, it’s interesting, We will learn a lot. Children : Book Educator: Here's your second riddle: There is a large and important multi-storey house against the wall. We're on the ground floor. We've already read all the tenants. Children: Bookcase Educator: Well done, then we listen to the following riddle: From the outside you look - the house is like a house, But there are no ordinary tenants in it. There are interesting books there, standing in close rows. On the long shelves along the wall, there are tales of old. And Chernomor, And Tsar Guidon, And good grandfather Mazai. What is the name of this house? Try and guess? Children: Library Educator: Well done guys. You have solved the riddles of Queen Daisy. What do you think she sent us as a gift? Children: Book (The teacher takes a book from the parcel) Teacher: Yes, that's right. Where did she get it? Children: In the bookcase. Educator: Okay. Where is the bookcase? Children: In the library. Educator: Great, then Queen Margarita invites us to her library. Are we leaving? Children: Yes (Excursion to the school library. Our kindergarten is located at the school, the library is on the second floor.) Librarian: Hello guys, I’m very glad to see you. I invited you to my place because I want to introduce you to the book. Today you will learn the history of the book. When did it appear and what happened before it? Librarian: Guys, what do you think a person needs a book for? Children: (Children's answers) Librarian: Yes, a book is needed to write something necessary and interesting in it. And so that all people can read it. But imagine, the book didn’t always look like it does now. In ancient times, people did not know how to make paper and did not even know how to write letters. How do you think people began to transmit information? Children: (Children's answers) Librarian: People drew the first information and, one might say, the first book on stone. Sitting in caves on long evenings, people began to paint scenes from life on the walls. These were mainly hunting scenes.
Then people learned to write with signs. And they began to use for this what nature gave them. Bones and skins of animals in the north,
birch bark - birch bark in the middle zone,
palm leaves in warm regions.
Later they learned to write on clay tablets. In the ancient world they wrote on wax tablets. They wrote on such tablets with a special wedge-shaped stick, and such writing was called “cuneiform.”
In ancient Egypt they figured out how to use the papyrus plant.
And in the city of Pergamum they began to tan the skins of sheep, goats and calves. This paper was called parchment. It took a whole flock of sheep to make one book. Therefore, such books were very expensive. But these were already real books with sheets and binding.
The first real paper was invented in China. At first it was made from silk, and then they learned to make it from ground wood - cellulose.
The first books were handwritten. They were written by specially trained people - scribes.
Later the printing press was invented. Johannes Gutenberg did it. In our country, the first books were published by Ivan Fedorov.
Educator: Well, guys, we learned about how books appeared. It's time for us to go home. (Returning from the school library). Educator: Well, here we are at home. Tell me, did you like our trip? What new have you learned? Children: (Children's answers) Educator: Guys, let's make our own book. Children: Come on Teacher: For this we need sheets of paper, scissors and a stapler. The paper needs to be folded in half, then in half again.
Cut the top folds.
Place the sheets inside each other.
And fasten with a stapler.
Well, our book is ready. All that remains is to write some kind of story in it or draw pictures. Reflection: Guys, where did we go today? What new have we learned? What did you like most?
We recommend watching:
Integrated music lesson in the middle group on the topic Spring Summary of a lesson in kindergarten on cognitive development with children of the middle group “The Journey of the Foxes” Summary of a lesson on cognitive development in the middle group “In Search of Treasures” Summary of GCD on plasticineography in the middle group on the topic: Healthy lifestyle
Similar articles:
Summary of a lesson in kindergarten in the middle group “What I love”
Math lesson “Rectangle” in the middle group of kindergarten
Mathematics lesson “Ordinal counting” in the middle group
First poetry
It is believed that Russian poetry for children traces its history back to the beginning of the 17th century, when in the Primer, in addition to church texts, the author’s poem by Savvaty, the reference director of the Moscow Printing House, was first published. The poems were edifying: the poet advised young readers to abandon “all philosophizing” and work hard and reminded them of the harm of “laziness and negligence to everyone in learning.”
Savvaty Solovetsky. Image: monasterium.ru
Simeon of Polotsk. Image: posmotrim.by
“The Big Primer” by Karion Istomin (fragment). Image: mynnm.ru
Another poet, the monk and theologian Simeon of Polotsk, is known as the creator of the Primer of the Slovenian Language. Polotsky was also the author of poetic books for the Tsar’s children; in particular, he created a collection of moral and instructive stories, “The Many-Colored Wind City.”
Another court poet, Karion Istomin, wrote a book about raising children, which he called “Domostroy” - by analogy with the famous work of the same name by the priest Sylvester. Istomin noted that children more easily learn the rules of good manners and Christian morality from short poems. He also published The Big Primer, where illustrations first appeared. This manual was reminiscent of modern ones: each page was devoted to one letter, and the engravings depicted objects and animals whose names began with the letter.
First stories
For the ancient Russian chroniclers, who were the authors of a kind of prose literature, the concept of “age psychology” did not exist, and therefore there was no prose designed for children in Rus' until the middle of the 17th century.
Philologist Irina Arzamastseva says that at that time the process of transition from educational literature to works of artistic and scientific-educational orientation began: “The educational book gave the child ready-made information that only had to be memorized. Such a book was aimed at one-sided thinking of the reader, accustoming him to someone else's monologue. In parallel, literature is developing, building a dialogue with the child, reflecting his childish “I”, answering his “why”.
In the middle of the 17th century, they began to rework, shorten and simplify knightly and Russian military stories: “The Tale of the Massacre of Mamayev”, “The Tale of Eruslan Lazarevich”, “The Tale of the Siege of the Don Cossacks”, “The Tale of Peter and Fevronia”. The genre of the story also began to take shape: one of the early stories tells the story of a criminal son who, on the way to execution, bit off his mother’s ear. He explained this by saying that his mother was the culprit of his death, since she did not punish him for the first theft.
Tales for princes
During the Peter the Great era, the number of publications for children increased. Books on etiquette appeared, the most famous of which was “An Honest Mirror of Youth,” a textbook on European social manners. Educated children of the 18th century were fond of foreign novels - they translated mainly French, German and English books. Aesop's fables, Robinson Crusoe and Gulliver's Travels were popular.
Portrait of Catherine II. Painting by Fyodor Rokotov. 1735–1808. State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg
Catherine II. The fairy tale “About Tsarevich Chlor”. Image: pushkinmuseum.ru
Catherine II. The fairy tale “About Tsarevich Fevey”. Image: arch.rgdb.ru
Domestic children's books also appeared in the 18th century. Among the authors who turned to literature for children was Catherine II herself. The Empress was inspired by the pedagogical ideas of the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau that a child should develop in accordance with his age. For her grandchildren, Catherine published an ABC book and wrote two fairy tales: “About Tsarevich Chlorus” and “About Tsarevich Fevey.” These books are today considered the first children's works in Russian. Both stories were allegorical and didactic in nature. For example, the hero of the first fairy tale, Prince Chlorus, was looking for a rose without thorns with the help of advisers - Reason, Honesty and Truth - in order to become a better ruler.
HOW THE BOOK APPEARED
April 23 is World Book Day, we want to tell you about how the book came into being. Her story is complex and interesting. So, are you ready to take your children on an exciting journey into the history of books?
There was a time when there were no books at all on our land. And in order to remember important information, people made notches in trees, on the walls of caves, and tied knots in a rope. There was no writing at that time either, but people knew how to draw. In their drawings they reflected the main events of their lives. The first books were so unusual and different from modern books.
Over time, people learned to use clay. It was very convenient to write inscriptions on raw clay; then these tablets were fired in a kiln, and they became light and durable. Clay books could consist of hundreds of such tablets. They were stored in a wooden box.
In Ancient Egypt, Rome and Greece, they learned to make books from papyrus. To do this, reed stems were cut into strips, soaked in water, and then glued together. They wrote on papyrus with a wooden stick or brush, and the paint was made from charcoal mixed with resin. The papyrus was then wound around wooden or bone rods. The result was a scroll. But over time, the papyrus began to crumble or deteriorate from moisture.
And then people invented a new material for writing - parchment, which was made from animal skin.
But this method of making books was very expensive, so poor people could not use it. They wrote on birch bark (specially treated birch bark). This is where the expression “birch bark letter” came from.
And only in the 10th century did paper appear.
It is said that the first sheet of paper was made in China. Paper turned out to be a convenient material for writing, and its production was much simpler and also cheaper than other methods.
Modern paper is made from wood. And in order for a tree to turn into a snow-white leaf, you have to work hard: lumberjacks cut down trees, raftsmen float them on water, then the logs are sent to a wood processing plant, where the wood is cleaned, sawn, softened and even boiled. The resulting fibrous mass is mixed with chalk and sent to a special machine, from which the finished paper crawls out.
This is such a long and difficult path for the book!
Subscribe to our Yandex.Zen channel, where you will find other useful articles for children and parents. We have launched Telegram - join if this format is more convenient for you.
Interesting on the topic:
8 “OTHER” DISNEY CARTOON BOOKS
Letterman
Another author of children's books of this era was Professor Kurganov. He created the “Pismovnik” - a grammar of 1769, where “the science of the Russian language with many additions of various educational and useful amusing verbiage” was collected. “Pismovnik” became a universal guide to the Russian language, in which, in addition to information about grammar, one could find poetry, folk proverbs, fairy tales and short anecdotal stories. For example, satirical poems:
Oh, how happy are those yellow grains of sand that you stepped on! Oh, and how beautiful are the soft blades of grass that lay beneath you!
Kurganov himself wrote in the preface about the benefits of entertaining reading and that such a text “has fun, enriches thoughts and enlightens the mind,” since it contains “a lot of moralizing and something that will serve as a useful and pleasant exercise.”
Nikolay Kurganov. “Writer. Part one". Image: imwerden.de
Nikolay Kurganov. “Writer. Part one". Image: imwerden.de
Nikolay Kurganov. “Writer. Part two". Image: imwerden.de
The Letter Book was an incredibly popular book that could be found in every educated family. Among his fans were writers Alexander Herzen, Nikolai Gogol and Alexander Pushkin. The latter’s character from “The History of the Village of Goryukhin” recalled: “My parents, respectable people, but simple and brought up in the old-fashioned way, never read anything, and in the whole house, except for the ABC, bought for me, calendars and the Newest Letter Book, there were no books.” was located. Reading a letter book has long been my favorite exercise. I knew it by heart and, despite that, every day I found new unnoticed beauties in it.”
Researchers believe that the "Pismovnik" owes its popularity to its fictional part - "Brief Intricate Stories." It was a collection of funny and entertaining stories, parables and stories. They ridiculed, for example, the passion of secular society for coffee: “Since coffee serves as the main cure for sadness, then a certain lady, notified that her husband was killed in the war, - “Oh, unhappy!” “- she cried, “bring the coffee soon,” and she immediately became cheerful.” Human vices were also discussed: “A certain lady, restless in her chatter, asked the doctor why her teeth were falling off. He responded to her: “Because, madam, you often deign to hit them with your tongue.”
Project "Where the book came from"
author:
Gagarina Galina Anatolevna
senior teacher of MBDOU "Kindergarten No. 25 in Vyborg"
Novikova Alexandra Alekseevna
teacher at MBDOU "Kindergarten No. 25 in Vyborg"
Project "Where the book came from"
Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution
"Kindergarten No. 25 in Vyborg"
Educational research project
"Where the Book Came From"
Prepared by: senior teacher
Gagarina Galina Anatolevna
teacher
Novikova Alexandra Alekseevna
Vyborg 2018
Explanatory note
Problem:
In the modern world, people are less and less likely to pick up a book, read them, and even less think about how a book is born. Book culture is changing radically these days. The main reason is the development of science and modern technologies, the emergence of new methods of obtaining information. Reading books and reading culture is a pressing problem.
Project type:
educational and research
Project duration:
short-term (1 week)
Project goal (for the teacher):
To create conditions for the development of cognitive and creative abilities, to maximally enrich children’s knowledge and ideas about how a book is created.
Project objectives:
- Introduce children to the history of the creation of the first books. Enrich children's understanding of how a book is made from what material
- Expand knowledge about professions related to books, librarian, writer, editor, illustrator
- Bring children to understand that books must be treated with care so that the books live as long as possible.
- Develop the ability, together with parents, to find an original solution when creating pages of a handmade book.
- Develop the ability to communicate freely with adults and children, to show friendly relations with each other
- To foster in children an interest and love for books.
Project goal (for children):
Find out how a book is created, what professions people help it appear on bookshelves.
Expected result:
—
children's interest in reading fiction will increase;
growth of positive dynamics in the formation of children's ideas about the book and the rules for handling it;
— the level of creativity in artistic, speech, productive and gaming activities will increase;
— the level of parents’ competence in matters of introducing children to reading fiction through cognitive and research activities will increase.
Project participants:
children of senior preschool age, parents, teachers,
Motivation of children and parents (immersion in the project):
The teacher lays out several objects made of wood on the table, invites the children to look at them and say what unites them. Do you know why there is a book among them? Do you want to know how books appear, where they came from?
| Child planning by (shape: general circle) | Creating conditions through the organization of a subject-spatial developmental environment according to activity centers | Joint forms of educational activities between adults and children | Results of the day | ||
| Monday Let's find out where the book came from, the creation of the book | Exhibition of books, portraits of writers Stones, tablets, birch bark, pieces of leather, fabric, sheets of paper, paints, brushes, felt-tip pens | Conversation about the history of book creation with presentation "Where the Book Came From" Reading the story by A. Barkov and R. Suryaninov “Where the book came from” Drawing a picture on stones, birch bark | Quiz: “All about books” Making a book cover | ||
| Tuesday Let's learn about the properties of paper | Collection of paper, collection of paper, algorithm for creating a book, waste and natural material, plasticine Paper napkins of different colors, bowl of water, sieve, bucket, board for rolling out paper, rolling pin | Conducting experiments Paper cuts, tears, wrinkles, gets wet, absorbs oil, makes sound, flies, burns Conversation “What can a book be made from?” “What kind of paper can you make a book from?” “What properties of paper do you know?” | Making paper from napkins | ||
| Wednesday Let's find out who illustrators are | Illustrations for books Paints, markers, colors. pencils, paper | Conversation about the diversity of artistic genres D/game: “Genres of books”, “Guess the title of the book”, “One - many” Developing educational situation: “Who and how they create pictures in books.” Conversation “Why do we need illustrations in books?” | Drawing an illustration for your favorite fairy tale | ||
| Thursday Let's find out who writes books | Attributes for conducting the role-playing game “Publishing House”, “Library” Algorithm for making a bookmark | Solving a problem situation: “Books have disappeared from the group” Conversation “What writers do you know?” Reading a poem by S.Ya. Marshak "How the book was printed." Conversation “The librarian profession, what do you know about it?” | Role-playing game “Publishing House”, “Library” Making a bookmark for a book | ||
| Friday Let's find out what a book is made of and how it is created | Paper collection, book making algorithm Paper, glue, scissors | Conversation about the structure of the book (cover, pages, binding, illustrations) With presentation Memorizing the poem by Valentin Berestov “How to be able to read well” Repairing damaged books Physical school | Making a baby book | ||
| Interaction with parents | |||||
| Questionnaire for parents “Child and Book” Let's compose the story “My favorite book” Consultations, folders for parents: “Smart books for smart kids”, “Which book to choose for a child”, “Recommendation list for shared reading with children of senior preschool age” Weekend excursion: Library, bookstore. Making little books - “a book about a book” | |||||
| Interaction with social partners. Excursion to the library “What is illustration?” | |||||
| Note “Literary Minute” is held every day. Reading the story “Where the book came from” by A. Barkov and R. Suryaninov, poem by S.Ya. Marshak “How they printed a book”, E. Tvorogova “The Tale of Books”, L. Potsepun the fairy tale “The History of a Book”, V. Gaevskaya “In the zoo they gave all the monkeys colorful books” | |||||
| What new did you learn? — we find out where the book came from, the creation of the book; — learn about the properties of paper; — find out who illustrators are; — find out who writes books; — find out what a book is made of and how it is created | Our successes We made a little book, conducted interesting experiments, made bookmarks for books, felt like illustrators and writers. | What else do we want to know? — where did the fairy tale come from? - what kind of fairy tales are there? - What is an encyclopedia? | |||
Project "Where the book came from"
