Imagine, you and your child are getting ready to watch a cartoon or an educational program, lay down on the sofa, and suddenly your child asks: “What makes the TV/phone/tablet work?” It seems that the answer is simple - from electricity, but you don’t need to be Nostradamus to predict the next question that will come from a child: “Where does electricity come from?” And here many parents are stupefied, especially those who did not finish physics and mathematics, and their profession is in no way connected with this direction.
Of course, you can answer as simply as the previous question: “Electricity comes from the outlet.” But so that your child receives a complete and clear answer, in an accessible and understandable language, without abstruse formulas and definitions that most physics textbooks are written in, we suggest staying on this page and reading, perhaps not new, but useful and informative information.
What is electricity?
The word “electricity” itself, or more precisely, “electric” force, appeared more than 2000 years ago in Ancient Greece. People have noticed that if you rub amber on wool, the stone begins to attract various small objects. Amber in ancient Greek was called “electron”, hence the name itself.
But the study of the mysterious phenomenon did not progress beyond simple experiments with static electricity among the Ancient Greeks. And the essence of the whole phenomenon began to be revealed much later. Scientists have found that surrounding objects consist of elementary particles: protons and electrons. These two types of particles have an electric charge: the electron has a negative charge, but the proton has a positive charge. Attracted to each other, they closely interact and, depending on the number of protons and electrons, form atoms of different matters.
The protons themselves are located in the nucleus of the atom, but the electrons rotate around them in a circle. Atoms with the same number of protons as the number of electrons have zero charge. For example, if an amber stone lies on its own and no one touches it, then its atoms also have zero charge. But if you rub amber atoms against wool atoms, the electrons from the wool will instantly move to the amber ones, and their “excess” will make the charge negative. Such a pebble with “new strength” begins to attract small objects with a zero or positive charge, and if the object has a negative charge, it will repel them.
Children about electricity
Children about electricity
Electricity is like a lot of little angry bees running around on the wires and making the appliances work. It is impossible to see them, and there is no point in trying. Games with electric current always end badly - electricity can seriously shock, burn, or even kill. It’s not for nothing that every parent explains that electric current is very dangerous. So it’s better to stay away from sockets and wires.
Only specially trained people - electricians - control electricity. They, like wizards, connect wires into a large web, install switches, switches and sockets. Or, as they say in smart books, they carry out electrical installation work. Electricity can be of different strengths and voltages. The voltage in the outlet is 220 Volts, which is very dangerous for human life. But in batteries it is small, only from 1.5 to 9 Volts, so it is practically not felt by a person. Each electrical device, be it a light bulb, a toy or a TV, is designed for a certain voltage. If the electricity has low voltage, the device may not work. If its value is large, it may deteriorate or even catch fire. Therefore, you should not, for example, try to connect a 9-volt battery to a watch or toy. Most likely, she will never earn money again. And, of course, no experiments should be carried out with an electrical outlet or wires. For example, you cannot cut the wire or twist it too much - a short circuit, explosion and fire may occur.
They receive electricity at special stations. It can arise from solar energy, falling water, special devices - generators, or be obtained when any chemical reaction occurs. For example, if you connect two electrodes—zinc and copper—to a lemon, you can generate enough electricity to power a small watch. A similar scheme for generating electricity is used in batteries and accumulators. Electricity can also be generated by rubbing a plastic stick on a woolen surface. This is exactly how it was discovered, however, the first scientists used amber instead of plastic.
People use electricity everywhere; absolutely all modern devices run on it. Therefore, the profession of an electrician always remains honorable and extremely in demand. Children first become acquainted with electricity at school, in physics lessons, where they are told almost all the secrets of this unique, but at the same time dangerous phenomenon.
Electric current is an organized group of electrons
But how does electricity live in an outlet if everything is so dispersed in this circuit?
Almost all atoms can lose and gain electrons. So, if some have an excess of them, and others have a deficiency, then the electrons directed by electrical forces will rush to where they are lacking. This flow is called electric current.
Among the concepts familiar to us, electric current is similar to a river, which, spilling into many branches, powers electrical appliances. But before sending this stream of negatively charged particles, do they need to be taken from somewhere?
The best minds of the last millennium struggled with this issue, but the first to make a breakthrough was the Italian scientist Alessandro Volta, who in 1800 invented the first battery, called the “Volta Pillar,” thereby giving the world a reliable source of constant electricity. In gratitude for such a discovery, the scientist’s name was immortalized, and since that time, current voltage has been measured in volts.
Where does electricity come from?
Despite the fact that the “Volta Pillar” made a breakthrough in the science of that time, over the next 200 years a lot of more global discoveries were made and many ways to produce electric current were discovered, for which huge structures were built and the latest technologies were used! And now, in order.
TPP - thermal power plant
To generate current, a turboelectric generator is installed at the thermal power plant, consisting of:
- the fixed part is a stator in the form of a bipolar magnet;
- a rotating rotor, which is wound with copper wire, since this metal is considered the best and most accessible conductor.
The continuous rotation of the magnet constantly changes the polarity (poles) causing the electrons in the wire to move, as in the example with amber and wool, only on a larger scale. But for this whole mechanism to work and electricity to be generated, “something” must spin a huge turbine. For this purpose, huge boilers are installed at thermal power plants that heat water to 450 ℃, causing it to turn into steam. Next, under high pressure, steam flows from the boiler onto the blades attached to the rotor, and starts it into operation at an incredible speed - 3000 revolutions per minute!
NPP - nuclear power plant
Here, just like in the thermal power plant, a turboelectric generator is installed, but the very dangerous, but energy-efficient Uranium-235 is responsible for heating the water. In order for it to release heat, huge nuclear reactors are built at nuclear power plants, in which Uranium-235 breaks down into small particles, which generates a large amount of energy used to heat water to steam and start a turboelectric generator.
HPP - hydroelectric power station
A safer, but no less effective way to obtain energy. Although it will require the construction of a whole chain of hydraulic structures in order to create the necessary water pressure to ensure the operation of the turbines of the electric generator. And then the principle is the same as in the previous two power plants: the rotor rotates and electricity is generated.
Wind stations
They look majestic and beautiful, and even in ancient times, with the help of the power of the wind, huge mechanisms such as windmills were put into operation.
In the modern world, they decided to improve this mechanism and use it to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. The principle is as follows: the wind pushes huge blades, which put the generator rotor into operation, and it, as we know from the example of the first three power plants, produces current.
But in this way, with the help of one wind generator, you cannot provide even a small town with electricity, which is why a whole network of huge mechanisms, consisting of 100 or more units, is installed.
Online lesson on the world around us “Energy”
Do you often hear the word “energy”?….. Of course! “Energy, electricity, what an energetic child...”And what is energy? Where did she come from? Where does he live? This is what we have to find out in our research...
Energy is an amazing phenomenon. Our world is saturated with it. Energy can be found in people and animals, in rocks and plants, in fossil fuels, trees and air, in rivers and lakes. Energy lifts rockets into space, propels cars, ships and planes, and lights up millions of lights in big cities. Energy gives us light, warmth, connection.
The word “energy” itself comes from the Greek language and means “action”.
Everything that moves is a source of energy: a flying ball, a goalkeeper jumping after the ball, spectators hugging with joy.
And, imagine, man made energy work for us. How? Let's figure it out...
Scientists have noticed that the use of energy always leads to some kind of action, movement, change. This observation led to the discovery of the law of conservation of energy .
Our modern life is almost impossible to imagine without electricity... Right? Tell me, how can you manage without lighting and heat in the house, without a refrigerator in the kitchen, without a vacuum cleaner, without a computer and a TV?
How can you get by in a big city without streetlights, beautiful shop windows, trams, and trolleybuses?
Electricity has penetrated so deeply into our lives that we sometimes don’t even think about what kind of wizard is helping us?
Workbook
What is electricity and where does it come from?
Count how many outlets there are in your apartment... A lot of interesting things happen in the wires... Each of them has wires through which electric current flows day and night.
Current
is the movement of charged particles (
electrons ).
How does current get into wires?
Current appears in special places called power stations .
fixup.ru
How does a power plant work? This is where nature comes to the rescue. When minerals such as coal are burned in furnaces, or water flows are passed through turbines, or gas coming from underground is used, a large number of electrons appear. They are so energetic that they are immediately sent on a journey through the wires.
They spread through electrical networks throughout the country, to factories, factories, and illuminate the streets and rooms in our homes. This occurs at a huge voltage of 110–1150 kilovolts. This high voltage is necessary so that the electric current can travel long distances. But in apartments such high voltage is extremely dangerous, so before the electric current enters our house, the voltage is reduced using transformers.
In fact, electricity travels this long journey so quickly that its movement is completely invisible to us.
There are special devices where electrons can live for a very long time, and a person releases them from there whenever he wants. This device for electrons is called batteries . They accumulate there and remain until an electrical device is connected to the battery.
How does a power plant work?
The heart of any power plant is a machine called a generator . It is driven by a special engine - a turbine. There are several types of power plants.
Power station in London
If the turbine is made to rotate by water (water flow), then it is a hydroelectric power plant (HPP). If the generator uses steam, which is formed when water is heated, then this is a thermal power plant . There are also combined heat and power plants that produce both thermal and electrical energy. The most powerful of currently existing power plants are nuclear power plants (NPPs). Electricity is produced from the energy of the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei. This is a very productive, but at the same time, source of energy fraught with considerable danger.
Humanity continues to tame nature, developing new energy sources that are more economical and safe. We have already learned to use the energy of wind and sun, the energy of ocean tides and the heat of the earth’s interior for our needs.
Marine thermal power engineering
Once Captain Nemo (the hero of the novel “Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea” by Jules Verne) said: “I owe everything to the ocean. The ocean supplies me with electricity, and electricity gives the Nautilus warmth, light, the ability to move, in a word, life! Today, scientists have realized the idea of a marine power plant that operates due to temperature differences in sea water. To operate such a power plant, a significant temperature difference is required: + 25 degrees on the surface, and + 5 degrees at a depth of 1000 meters.
The principle of operation is simple: cold sea water from the depths is supplied through a pipe to the surface, where it is used to liquefy a suitable gas, such as ammonia. Then, using warm water from the surface of the sea, this liquefied gas is heated and brought to a boil, and the resulting steam drives the turbine of an electric generator.
The creators of the new power plant say that it is universal: wind generators and solar panels work only when the wind blows or the sun shines, and the station, which converts thermal energy from the ocean, will generate energy continuously.
Energy of underground resources
Have you heard that you can use the heat of the earth to heat houses? It turns out that this is not such a rarity. It turns out that at a depth of 4-6 kilometers underground there are massifs heated to 100-200°C. By drilling a well, you can get a fountain of steam and hot water and use this gift of nature to heat buildings or power turbines of power plants. To heat houses using the heat of the earth, special equipment is used - heat pumps. Technically, a heat pump is similar to a refrigerator that works in reverse. It takes energy from the environment and concentrates it in the coolant. In the cold season, the heating mode is turned on, and in the hot season, the air conditioning mode is turned on. In Sweden today there are more than half a million of these heat pumps, and in Japan - more than 3 million.
Wind energy
Wind energy is developing even more actively today. Winds blow on earth constantly and everywhere: the reserves of wind energy on the planet are more than a hundred times greater than the reserves of hydroelectric energy of all the rivers on the planet. To produce energy from air currents, special mechanisms are used - windmills, tall pillars with giant three-bladed wind turbines. They work like a fan, but in reverse: instead of using electricity to produce wind, they use wind to produce electricity.
By the way, when talking about wind energy, we must not forget about the seas and oceans: this is where the winds blow constantly and with enormous force. The first floating wind farm recently appeared off the coast of England. And in the future, wind power plants in the oceans may appear everywhere, because on open water the wind does not encounter any obstacles - neither mountains nor hills.
Solar energy
In countries with hot climates, solar heat has long been used to generate energy. On the roofs of houses in warm countries you can often see tanks of water, which is heated by the sun's rays and provides hot water supply.
Solar power plant in Nevada
Solar panels, or photocells, are installed on the roofs and facades of houses, fully providing their inhabitants with electricity.
In Germany there is a real solar city - Freiburg, where entire areas exist solely on the alternative energy of the sun.
By the way, photocells today are installed not only on residential buildings. Miniature solar panels are used to equip street lamps that accumulate energy during the day and illuminate at night, and even cars. Today, a car that will move using energy received from a solar panel is being developed in.
How does a solar battery or photocell work?
Sunlight, like any other light, carries a charge of energy. When a beam of light hits an object, this energy is transformed into heat. The same warmth as the one we feel when sitting in the sun. This means that our body does not convert the sun's rays into electricity. But some materials have the properties of transforming light into electricity. These include crystalline polysilicon (silicon), a semiconductor used in the production of solar cells. To equip solar cells, large polysilicon crystals are specially grown. In these crystals, electrons “warmed up” by the sun begin to move in a certain direction. This is electricity. And the whole process is called photoelectric conversion.
How does a thermal power plant (TPP) work?
Thermal power plants use energy from natural fuels. It is released when coal, natural gas, fuel oil, etc. are burned. A boiler with water is installed in the machine room. When fuel burns, the water in the boiler heats up to several hundred degrees and turns into steam. Pressurized steam rotates the blades of a rotating steam turbine. The turbine, in turn, rotates a generator, which produces electric current.
How does a combined heat and power plant (CHP) work?
CHP plants simultaneously produce electricity and thermal energy (in the form of steam and hot water). The operating principle of a combined heat and power plant is similar to that of a thermal power plant. But they have one important difference. Part of the steam, after electric current has been generated from it, is used to heat water, which is sent through heat pipelines to boiler houses and heating points for heating and hot water supply to apartments, hospitals, schools and kindergartens and industrial enterprises.
How does a hydroelectric power station (HPP) work?
Hydroelectric power plants are usually built on rivers by constructing dams and reservoirs. If a river is blocked with a dam, the water level in the river up to the dam will rise. And if you open several gate-windows in the dam, water will rush into them with force and flow downstream in a powerful stream. Under high pressure, water flows onto the turbine blades, which begin to rotate, generating mechanical energy. The mechanical energy is then transferred to a hydrogenerator, which generates electricity.
How does a nuclear power plant (NPP) work?
The operating principle of a nuclear power plant is similar to the operation of a thermal power plant, but a nuclear power plant uses the energy from the radioactive decay of uranium atom nuclei to generate electricity. The fission reaction of a uranium nucleus occurs in the main unit of a nuclear power plant, which is called a nuclear reactor. The energy released in the reactor goes to a steam generator, which produces steam that goes to a steam turbine. The turbine rotates an electric generator that produces electrical energy. At the outlet of the turbine, the steam enters the condenser, where it is cooled by water coming from the reservoir or using special devices called “cooling towers”.
Power plant in space
Where to look for new energy sources? Yes, at least in space! Generating electricity in geostationary orbit, located at an altitude of 35,700 kilometers, according to scientists, can provide humanity with environmentally friendly and cheap energy. For example, Japan plans to open an orbital solar power plant by 2040.
Alternative energy sources
The further humanity moves in its development, the more relevant the use of alternative, renewable energy sources becomes. Why is humanity in search of new new sources of energy? The reasons for this are depleted natural resources and the threat of environmental disaster.
By taming the energy of the earth, water, wind and sun, we will stop polluting the environment and save valuable fossil resources. Instead of traditional energy, using oil, gas or coal as a source, today scientists are developing and power engineers are introducing alternative energy systems. Humanity is constantly discovering new sources of energy and inventing new ways to produce it. People have learned to extract energy using ocean waves and currents, warm underground sources, sunlight, and gusts of wind. Energy is produced from rice husks, chicken droppings, and banana peels. There is no doubt that in the future our descendants will completely switch to alternative energy sources and energy will become environmentally friendly and absolutely safe for nature and people.
Based on materials from myenergy.ru
Let's check that... Energy is movement, light and heat. A living being moves and emits heat. For living beings this is life. Where do they get their energy from?
1. The energy of the sun gives us heat and light. Thanks to solar energy, life arose on our planet Earth.
Study 1
In sunny weather, place a wooden block under the glass. The block has heated up. This means that the sun's heat heats the object.
2. Energy of fire. Man learned to melt metal and make glass using fire. Fire helped man make steamships and other machines move. Fire was worshiped as a deity.
Study 2
(Creative homework)
Heat a pan of water over the fire. When the water boils, look - the surrounding air has also heated up. This is heat energy, it moved from a pan of water into the air.
Cut out a snake from a sheet of paper. Light a candle and hold your snake over it.
You will see how the snake begins to spin and rise up. This means that thermal energy helps objects move.
3. Wind energy has been used for a very long time. With the help of the wind, ships sailed and mills worked. Wind farms now generate electricity.
Study 3.
In windy weather, you should take the turntable outside. The spinner will begin to rotate. This means that the force of the wind can drive the turntable.
In the room above the radiators, attach thin strips of paper and open the window. The warm air from the battery rushes upward, and the cold air from the window will begin to fall down, and the strips of paper will begin to move. This is wind energy !
4. Nowadays hydroelectric power stations are being built on large rivers, which generate energy, water energy.
Study 4.
Place an animal wheel (water mill) in a basin and pour water from a watering can onto the wheel blades.
The wheel blades will begin to rotate. This means that water can set objects in motion.
5. Electrical energy is generated by turbines. Nowadays there is electricity in every home.
Study 5.
Look at the light bulb in the table lamp, you will see a filament. If you turn on the light bulb, the filament instantly glows and the light fills the entire room.
ATTENTION! It is dangerous to touch the light bulb, it has become hot - the filament has heated it.
The lamp carries thermal energy, but it also produces light. light energy exists .
There are electrical wires in your apartment; electric current runs through them and makes electrical appliances work. Electric current is somewhat similar to a river, only water flows in the river, and small, very small electron particles flow through the wires.
We have many assistant devices, but they need to be used correctly! Electricity, with which electrical appliances operate, is dangerous for humans!!! Therefore, WE WILL NOT conduct any research with electricity!
But there is electricity that is harmless, quiet, and unnoticeable. It lives everywhere, on its own, and if you “catch” it, you can play with it in a very interesting way.
Take the ball, rub it on your hair and place it against the wall with the side you rubbed. So the ball hung.
This happened due to the fact that electricity lives in your hair, and we “caught” it when we began to rub the ball on our hair. He became electrified, which is why he was drawn to the wall. This means that electricity lives not only in wires, but also in hair. This is electrical energy .
Take an ordinary small plastic comb and rub it vigorously against your hair, and then bring it to small pieces of paper and the paper will be attracted to the comb. This means that electricity lives in the comb.
6. Power supply.
Roma always doesn’t eat porridge in the morning. He eats soup poorly and does not like to drink milk. During physical education, Roma runs slowly and often gets tired. This means that by eating vegetables, fruits, bread, milk, we gain energy. It helps us move: run, walk, breathe, live.
7. Energy also lives in non-living objects.
Study 7.
Take two balls, one light, the other heavy, and throw them along an inclined board. Place a wooden brick at the end of the board...
... The ball that was lighter could not move it, but the ball that was heavier did it easily. The heavy ball rolled faster than the light one. This means that the balls have energy of motion . The heavier the object, the faster it moves. When we move, we have movement energy that we can transfer to other objects.
Conclusions.
“Energy is a force capable of doing some work. Energy powers both machines and our bodies.”
“Energy does not disappear anywhere and does not arise from nothing, it constantly moves from one type to another.”
An interesting quest - a game with friends "Riddles of Almighty Energy" - participate.
Memo for parents and children
1. Do not insert foreign objects, especially metal ones, into the electrical outlet! Why? - Because the current, like a bridge, will cross them to you and can kill you.
2. Do not touch bare wires with your hands! Why? — An electric current flows through a bare wire not protected by a winding, the shock of which can be fatal.
3. Do not touch switched on electrical appliances with wet hands! Why? — You can get an electric shock, since water is a conductor of electric current.
4. Do not leave switched on electrical appliances unattended! Why? — Because switched on electrical appliances can cause a fire. When leaving home, always check if the lights are off, if the TV, tape recorder, electric heater, iron, etc. are turned off.
5. Do not overload electrical appliances with work! Why? – A short circuit may occur, leading to a fire.
6. Do not use faulty sockets or electrical appliances! Why? - This will lead to a fire.
The main rule for using electrical appliances for preschoolers is that you cannot turn on electrical appliances without the permission of adults and in their absence.
If you follow all these rules, then electricity will always be your friend.
And further….
How does the battery work?
A battery has two electrodes - positive (anode) and negative (cathode). Between them is a liquid electrolyte: a solution that conducts electric current well and participates in a chemical reaction. When metals begin to interact through this solution, a movement of charged particles occurs from the anode (+) to the cathode (-) - and electrical energy is generated.
In this case, the starting materials are consumed. The fewer of them left, the harder it is for the battery to maintain the required voltage between the plates. The battery is running low. This word is used to show that the battery is using up its energy. So, when a person begins to get tired, he tends to sit down somewhere.
Some batteries are single use, others can be recharged.
History of the invention of the battery
An ordinary, “disposable” battery has another name - “galvanic cell”
.
It is given in honor of the Italian scientist Luigi Galvani from Bologna.
Back in 1791, he accidentally invented the first source of electric current. The phenomenon of the generation and flow of current was discovered when strips of two different metals were attached to the frog's leg muscle. Galvani's experiments, but with greater accuracy were repeated by another Italian scientist - Alessandro Volta .
200 years ago, he formulated the main idea of the invention: the appearance of electricity is explained by the interaction of two different metals, between which a chemical reaction is formed with the help of a conductor.
Do you know that March 20, 18000 is the “battery’s birthday.”
How to create a “delicious” battery
To create the battery we needed the following materials:
- zinc plates (metal nails are possible),
- copper wire,
- fruits and vegetables,
- multimeter is a device for measuring current and voltage.
In a homemade galvanic cell, the zinc plate (nail) acts as the negative electrode and the copper wire acts as the positive electrode. The electrolyte (conducting liquid) is the juice of fruits and vegetables.
Try making a vegetable or fruit battery... from lemon, apple, orange, kiwi, potatoes, onions, beets.
You will be surprised, but fruits and vegetables provide electricity!
I recommend reading:
- 77 Effective Educational Techniques
- Our project "Energy"
- Interesting...Great people who changed the world
- What should a child know in 1st grade?
Tags: interesting research circles the world around us project
A little history
The world's first public power plant, Pearl Street, was built in New York in 1882. It was designed and installed by none other than Thomas Edison. And he didn’t even charge a fee for using the generated electricity until the entire mechanism worked smoothly and without interruptions.
But the “great-grandmother” of all stations could light only 10,000 lamps, although even at that time this was something supernatural. At the same time, modern power plants produce thousands of times more, providing electricity to cities with a population of 100,000 people!
How does electric current enter homes?
After power plants generate current, it travels through a cable to a distribution substation for measurement and conversion. Transformers installed there increase the voltage to 10,000 volts. Thanks to this voltage, current is transmitted over long distances with minimal losses at an incredible speed of up to 3000 km per second!
Then the current flows to a step-down substation, where transformers reduce the voltage to 220 volts - the standard adopted in the Russian Federation. And then the electricity is sent to the city’s distribution networks, and from there to your house and apartment. This is the difficult path he takes to charge our phone, light a light bulb or make the refrigerator work.
How does current make electrical appliances work?
But how does current manage to power electrical devices? For a visual understanding, let's take a regular incandescent lamp as a basis and return to our small particles.
As electrons travel at incredible speeds through the light bulb's spiral, they continually collide with the metal atoms that make up the spiral. The atoms wobble and their temperature rises greatly. Thus, the electric current heats the lamp spiral to 3000 degrees, causing it to begin to glow. This is why the use of any metal is not suitable for the spiral, because it will simply melt due to the high temperature.
Modern devices - mobile phones, TVs, microwave ovens - use more complex circuits, but the principle remains the same: due to the rapid flow of particles, the atoms of the conductors heat up, which releases energy and starts the devices to work.
MAGAZINE Preschooler.RF
Project “Where did the light come to our house from?” for senior preschool ageProject leaders, teachers of the “Bees” :
- Karnaeva E.A
- Zaitseva I.Yu
- Starovoitova E.A.
Vyritsa 2022 MBDOU "Kindergarten No. 50 combined type"
Type and type of project: educational-research, creative, group.
Duration: short term.
Implementation time: two weeks.
Project participants: senior preschoolers, teachers, parents.
Relevance.
The most valuable and lasting knowledge is obtained by a person independently. We often underestimate the importance of a child's research activities. By teaching children skills, adults often deprive them of the opportunity to make their own discoveries. Modern education in the context of the Federal State Educational Standard requires targeted work to develop research abilities, specially organized training of students in research skills, and preparation for research activities.
The goal of the project: to learn what electricity is, how to handle it and use it economically.
Tasks:
- expand students’ knowledge about electricity, electrical appliances, the benefits and dangers of electricity; about the rules for using it; about the history of lighting devices.
- enrich, clarify and activate vocabulary on the topic; develop the grammatical structure of the language; work on the syllabic structure of words; form coherent speech.
- contribute to the development of pupils’ interest in research and experiments.
- develop mental activity, attention, imagination, memory, fine motor skills (appliqué, drawing, design).
- develop basic skills of safe behavior in everyday life when handling electrical appliances.
Project implementation stages.
Preparatory.
- Selecting a project topic.
- Selection of illustrations, visual aids and equipment, material for energy saving reminders.
- Studying methodological and educational literature to prepare for joint activities (outdoor, didactic games, conversations).
- Conversations with parents about the project.
Main stage.
Cognitive and social-communicative development.
Conversations: “How did people used to light their homes?” , “Where does electricity come to us from?” , “Electricity is dangerous!” , conversation with a kindergarten electrician
Excursions: to the electrical panel, to the laundry (observation of the work of the laundry employee, what electrical appliances he uses in his work)
Demonstration of power tools and a story about their use (worker A.V. Stepanov)
View presentations and educational cartoons: “The history of electricity” , “Magic electricity” , “Household electrical appliances” , “Electric current” , “How do the lights turn on?” (the adventure of Sparkle and her friends), “We want to know everything” (episode 24. Electricity).
Didactic games: “How the lamp came to our house” , “You can - you can’t” ,
“Collect a picture” , “Be careful” , “What’s missing?” .
Experimentation (using the children's digital laboratory “Naurasha in the country of Naurandiya” ): “Is there an electric current in vegetables and fruits?” , “Creating electricity using a dynamo .
Thematic role-playing games: “Electrical appliance store” (lanterns and lamps), “We are electricians” , “Household appliance store” (equipment: cards with images of household appliances).
Speech development.
Learning and composing riddles about electrical appliances.
Conversations: “Electrical appliances are our helpers” ; "What is electricity?" .
Speech games: “One is many” , “Call it affectionately” , “what has changed?” , “Complete the sentence” , “Say with the word “no”” , “Count” , “Which word is different from the others?” , “What’s extra?” , “Say the opposite” , “Kitchen helpers” , “Dunno’s mistakes” , “If it doesn’t work...?” .
Compiling a descriptive story based on the mnemonic table “Tell about an electrical appliance .
Artistic and aesthetic development.
Reading: I. Review “Electricity is my friend” , “Safety Lessons” , poems by O. Emelyanov “What goes into the socket?” , A. Valevsky “Electricity” .
Application “Incandescent lamp, energy-saving lamp” .
Drawing: “Lanterns in the city park” , “Lamp on the table” , “Electrical appliances are our helpers” .
Construction of "Lanterns" .
Physical development.
Outdoor games: “Electric current - powerful flow” , “Electric circuit” .
Physical education lesson: “Current runs through wires .
Working with parents.
- Preparation of instructions for parents on the economical use of electricity.
- Distributing “Let’s be frugal” .
- Information for parents "Safe handling of electricity for adults and children" .
- Creative task: getting to know electrical appliances at home, taking photographs of them and writing a descriptive story.
The final stage
- Entertainment "Magic Electricity" .
- Organization of the exhibition “From a Splinter to a Light Bulb” .
- Release of a wall newspaper.
Analysis of project results.
During the project implementation:
- the pupils were passionate about various activities on the topic and developed their creative abilities;
- improved the ability to carry out experimental activities, establish cause-and-effect relationships in the world around them;
- the vocabulary has expanded and become more active;
The work carried out brought together children, parents and teachers.
References.
- Golitsina N.S., Lyuzina S.V., Bukharova E.E. Life safety for older preschoolers. Work system. M.: Scriptorium, 2013.
- Dybina O.B. What happened before...Games that travel into the past of objects. M.: Sfera, 2010.
- Zhuravleva V.N. Project activities of older preschoolers. M.: Uchitel, 2011.
- Need T.D. The world of things. Encyclopedia for kids. Miracle is everywhere. Yaroslavl: Academy of Development, 1998.
- Experimental activities in preschool educational institutions. Lesson notes for different age groups. Compiled by Nishcheva N.V. St. Petersburg: Childhood - Press, 2022.
- Tugusheva G.P., Chistyakova A.E. Experimental activities of middle and senior preschool age. St. Petersburg: Childhood - Press, 2008.
- Shutyaeva E. A. Naurasha in the country of Naurandiya. Digital laboratory for preschoolers and primary schoolchildren. M.: Yuventa, 2016.
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Not only a friend, but also an enemy!
Of course, electricity is an important and irreplaceable invention for all mankind. With its help people:
- they have made and are making a lot of discoveries every day;
- treat diseases that were fatal in the past;
- drive electric vehicles without polluting the environment with exhaust gases;
- can travel the world, learn and see sights without leaving home!
All the benefits of electricity simply cannot be described in one article!
But with all this, the current can be dangerous and in a split second take the life of any living creature.
By the way, an interesting fact. Birds that sit on high-voltage wires do not receive a shock due to the fact that they receive the same voltage as in the cable itself. The fact is that they sit only on one phase, but if suddenly the bird’s tail or other part of the body touches the ground, a pole or another wire, the current will immediately hit it.
Tales about electricity and space. Card file for speech development (senior, preparatory group)
Tales of electricity and space.
— A fairy tale about space
Author of the story: Iris Review
How many stars are there in the sky, large and small, shining and sparkling? So much that we don't even care
I dreamed about it. But among them there is the most curious, most cheerful star named Alida. There is a fairy tale about her.
In a certain kingdom, in the Space State, there lived a star named Alida. Among the star sisters, she was known as the most curious, inquisitive, and cheerful. And the star had a dream: to look at planet Earth at least with one eye. Alida heard that there is a fabulous planet in the Space State on which people live. They walk, talk, study, laugh. And they do many more different things.
But her star mother did not let her go on a trip. Mom was afraid that the star would get lost. After all, the Space State is very large.
But then one day a shower of stars arrived from afar. He traveled through the cosmic
state, and was going to visit planet Earth. The little star Alida asked her mother for permission if she could go to Earth along with the star rain and return back with it. Mom let Alida go.
And the star’s journey began. They flew many kilometers in the Cosmic
space, and finally found themselves near planet Earth. Alida looked attentively at
unfamiliar planet. Children were running there, and when they saw the star Alida, they shouted: “New star, new star!” And then Alida shone even brighter. And the children jumped and clapped their hands. “It’s fun there,” thought Alida, and upon returning home she decided to tell her sister stars and, of course, her mother about her extraordinary journey to planet Earth.
— Fairy tale “How the fox and the wolf learned about electricity”
Author Tatyana Flukh
Objectives: to give children an idea of electricity, electricity; expand children’s understanding of where electricity lives and how it helps people; establish rules of safe behavior when handling household electrical appliances; cultivate a desire to save energy, develop an interest in learning about the world.
In one forest there lived a Fox and everything would have been fine if not for this story that happened to her
happened. One day she decided to visit the chicken coop, crept closer and saw that something was shining there - it was a light. Jumping back in fear, she broke the electrical wire and the light went out. There was a commotion in the chicken coop. She was overcome by curiosity and wanted to touch this wire, but the woodpecker, who was sitting on an electric pole and hollowing out a hollow for himself, managed to warn the Fox in time about the danger. To find out what electricity is, the woodpecker advised to contact the Wise Owl, who would certainly tell her about it. The fox smiled slyly and decided to take the woodpecker’s advice, and the woodpecker hurried to send his telegram about the damage to the email. wires to people who troubleshoot problems, electricians. And the Fox is already in a hurry to go to Aunt Owl’s lesson at the forest school. On the way, she met the Wolf and told him about everything that happened to her.
And so they came to school together, where forest animals were already sitting in class and listening
her story. The Wolf and the Fox also sat down and began to listen.
Electricity is our friend and helper, but it can turn into an enemy. Auntie
The owl talked about the rules for safe handling of electrical appliances using pictures. Then I introduced the rules:
1. When leaving home, you must turn off the TV and tape recorder, iron and other household appliances.
items. Electrical appliances that are turned on and left unattended can cause a fire.
2. You cannot pull the electrical wire with your hands; you only need to pick up the plug.
3. Under no circumstances should you approach or touch exposed wires. This
life threatening.
4. Do not touch electrical appliances with wet hands.
5. Do not insert any objects into the socket. Carnations and fingers... Not plugged into the socket
inserting electricity is dangerous: everyone should know this.
6. Do not use electrical appliances with damaged wires.
The Fox and the Wolf listened carefully and remembered. At the end of the lesson, Aunt Owl gave her students magical electrical items. Lisa-Patrikeevna chose
get yourself an electric iron to iron your clothes. The wolf liked the electric one
kettle. He invited the forest dwellers to tea.
A tale about household appliances. Vacuum cleaner
Once upon a time there lived a vacuum cleaner. Every day he cleaned the entire apartment of dust and debris and was this
very proud. What a great guy I am! If it weren't for me, the whole house would be overgrown with dirt. I am modern, powerful. What is my design? I'm all glossy and streamlined. My body would be the envy of any car of the latest brand,” the vacuum cleaner praised itself.
Next to him, in the pantry next door, a simple well-known broom stood modestly in the corner.
He stood and silently listened to his neighbor’s boasting.
- Why are you needed here? – the vacuum cleaner turned to the broom. You are just an ancient, useless object. You should have been thrown into the trash a long time ago. You're no use, you're just taking up space! – the vacuum cleaner was indignant.
But the broom did not react in any way to the offensive words of the vacuum cleaner. He was too smart and didn't
succumbed to provocations.
One spring day, when all nature is renewed, the hostess decided to arrange a
general cleaning. The vacuum cleaner tried its best. Everything around was sparkling. But bad luck! He couldn't get to the huge cloud of dust that had accumulated under the cabinet. Legs
The cabinets were low, and the vacuum cleaner brush could not reach there. And on the one hand, and on the other, a vacuum cleaner tried to get close. He puffed like a steam locomotive, and his body became hot from the tension.
“Slow down your ardor,” I suddenly heard a vacuum cleaner behind me. It was a broom. “Let me help, even though you don’t deserve it,” he turned to his neighbor in the storage room.
The vacuum cleaner moved to the side. Before he could blink an eye, a broom swept away all the dirt from under the cabinet.
At this point the vacuum cleaner felt ashamed. He realized that he was wrong when he spoke badly about the broom.
The vacuum cleaner apologized, and from then on the vacuum cleaner and broom always cleaned the apartment together!
Rules for safe handling of electricity for children
Young children do not understand the dangers of handling electricity. Of course, we are now not talking about toys powered by 12-volt batteries, but about a dangerous and powerful “beast” that lives in sockets. Therefore, children should not be left near sockets without special plugs, and even without parental supervision.
For older children, it is worth having a conversation and explaining the following rules. It is forbidden:
- Place or hang foreign objects on the device cable.
- Twist the cable into knots.
- Use dirty wire.
- Use an electrical appliance near heat sources: radiators, stoves, ovens, etc.
- Plug several powerful devices into one outlet at the same time. Show your child where and how you can see the power, or make a list in advance of what you can turn on and what you can’t.
- Use or try to repair a broken electrical appliance, including if the insulation (integrity) of the cable is broken, the plug is damaged, etc.
- Handle the device or cable with wet hands.
- Pull the cord (you need to unplug the device from the outlet while holding the plug).
Unforeseen situations may also arise:
- sparks from the socket;
- smoke from a cable or device;
- burning smell, etc.
In this case, it is necessary to show the child where the electrical panel is and how to turn it off, and explain that after a power outage it is necessary to call one of the adults.
How to teach your child about electricity
Electricity surrounds children everywhere: at home, on the street, in kindergarten, in toys and household appliances - it is difficult to remember an area of human activity where we could do without electricity. Therefore, children’s interest in this topic is understandable. Although a story about the properties of electricity is not only a matter of curiosity, but also... the safety of the baby!
At 2-3 years old, a little man begins a period when he is interested in everything. What is it, why, how does it work, why is it this way and not something else, how is it used, what is useful or harmful - a million questions a day are guaranteed for mom and dad. Moreover, the sphere of interests of the “why” is extensive: he is concerned with both mundane topics (like what money is or the New Year) and sublime ones (what space is, what love is). And questions about electricity are also natural. What is current, where does it come from and where does it go when we flip the switch? Why does the light bulb glow from electricity and the TV work? How does daddy's tablet or his musical toys work without a wire to an outlet? Why is the current so dangerous that parents forbid even approaching this outlet? The options are countless! Of course, you can brush them off, saying that the child is too young to understand this topic (from the point of view of science, electricity is such a complex concept that you can talk about it no earlier than 12-14 years old). But this approach is wrong. Moreover, from the point of view of both education and safety. Even if the baby does not understand the physics of the process, he is quite capable of knowing the essence of electric current and treating it with due respect.
Electricity: bees or electrons?
So let's start with a basic question: what is electricity? When communicating with a 2-3 year old child, several approaches are possible. First: gaming. You can tell your child that, for example, small bees or ants live inside the wires, which are virtually invisible to the human eye. And when the electrical appliance is turned off, they rest there, resting. But as soon as you connect it to the outlet (or press the switch if it is connected to the network), they begin to work: run or fly inside the wire back and forth tirelessly! And from this movement of theirs, energy is generated that lights a light bulb or allows certain devices to work. Moreover, the number of such bee-ants in the wire may vary. The more of them there are and the more actively they move, the higher the current strength - which means the larger the mechanism they can start. Simply put, to make a light bulb in a flashlight glow, you need very few of these “helpers,” but to illuminate a house, you need to have a much, much larger supply of electricity. And here it is important to emphasize: although such bees work for the benefit of people, they can be seriously offended if they are treated carelessly. Moreover, the matter will not be limited to insult - they can bite painfully and painfully (and the more bees, the stronger the bite will be). Therefore, you should not climb into a socket or disassemble an electrical appliance, or touch exposed wires of connected devices - the bees may not like the fact that someone is trying to interfere with their work...
Demonstrate electric current with examples
Whatever approach you choose in a story about electricity, the following question is logical for children: why, when the device is turned on, do bees or electrons begin to move in the wire, what makes them do this? In this case, it is necessary to talk in general terms about the structure of the electrical network, and it is advisable to do this with illustrative examples from the surrounding life or using photo and video materials. Tell us that all the wires in the house converge into one cable that contains the required number of electrons/bees for housing. Then he goes out into the street and, leaning on pillars, leads to a factory where these particles are produced - such a factory is called a power plant. You can tell how they are produced (by burning coal, driven by a hydroelectric power station or wind turbines, by solar panels) if the child shows interest in this. But usually in 2-3 years the concept that there is a factory where they make “electric bees” or electrons is enough. Although no one forbids you to conduct a small but visual experiment with your child. You will need a simple dynamo: with a light bulb and a knob that turns the light on. Your little one will surely be delighted to see that he can produce electricity with his own hands! Moreover, as soon as he stops turning the handle, the light immediately goes out - very clearly and simply.
Teach how to handle electricity carefully!
Just remember: your goal is not to intimidate the child. If you go too far in this matter, there is a high risk that fear of electricity will take root in the baby’s soul. He will be terrified of it, it will be difficult for him to use electrical appliances, he will avoid them and try not to turn them on himself. It is better not to scare, but to teach accuracy and careful handling of current. Therefore, talk about the risks, but do not embellish all the details too much.
To learn how to handle electricity, pay attention to these points:
You cannot turn on any electrical appliances in the house without the permission of adults; they must know that the baby turns on and off the TV, baby monitor or other large electrical appliance;
It is unacceptable to disassemble electrical appliances, even if they are unplugged from the outlet or the child thinks that some part needs to be replaced - for example, a burnt-out light bulb in a night light;
